In the publish as pdf or xps dialog box, choose a location to save the file to. In addition, ophthalmic, nasal, auricular dosage forms together with irrigations meet such a requirement. Tonicity is a measure of effective osmolarity in cell. People can view the slides even if they dont have powerpoint, but they cant make changes to it. Tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient. Compounded sterile preparations automated compounding devices radiopharmaceutical. Pdf pharmaceutical calculations th ansel ilma rose. Save powerpoint presentations as pdf files office support. The most common compounding you are likely to do is preparation of intravenous iv solutions. Osmolalitya substance in solution crosses a membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Parenteral products osmolarity and isotonicity study. Drug development considerations bruce h morimoto, phd executive director, applied translational medicine. Isotonicity relative constancy of osmotic pressure in the fluid media and tissues of the body, a result of the maintenance at a given level of the concentrations of electrolytes, proteins, and other substances. Parenteral formulations should not vary significantly from physiological ph about 7. Effects of ingested fluids on exercise capacity and on cardiovascular and metabolic responses. In case of lightsensitive substances the container should protect the contents for example, by the use of coloured glass. Click create pdf xps document, then click create pdf xps. Furosemide injection, usp injection, usp 10 mgml rx. Lachrymal fluid, ophthalmic solution, isotonicity, hypertonic, collyria, nacl solution.
Methods of adjusting tonicity and ph values of some drugs and. Isotonic solutions cause no swelling or contraction of the tissues with which they come in contact, and produce no discomfort when instilled in the eye, nasal tract, blood or other body tissues. It is the number of os moles of solute in a kilogram of solvent. Study 2 power heartrate, blood glucose levels, blood lactate levels endurance performance sports drinks controversial in sport dehydration electrolytes whats in a sports drink. Chapter formulation development of parenteral products. In pharmacy, isotonicity calculations are most often performed for parenteral and ophthalmic solutions which must have a freezing point depression of 0. Characteristics and requirements for large volume parenterals lvps usp workshop on thresholds and best practices for parenteral and ophthalmic drug products bethesda, md. Isotonic buffers the pharmaceutics and compounding. Each liter of fluid administered results in a net gain of chloride into the extracellular space, and this is known to result in hyperchloremic acidosis.
In other words, tonicity is the relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction and extent of diffusion. The basic tool for solving problems in metric geometry and isotonic regression is the metric projection onto closed convex cones. The preparation of aqueous ophthalmic drops requires careful consideration of the need for isotonicity, a certain buffering capacity, the desired ph, the addition of antimicrobial agents andor. If a semipermeable membrane one that is permeable only to solvent molecules is used to separate solutions of different solute.
Hemolysis may occur following infusion of sterile water for injection. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. The main purpose of this report is to present an advanced informative support to. Isotonicity of these projections with respect to a given order. Do not use for intravenous injection unless adjusted to approximate isotonicity with a suitable solute. Only liquids can be injected which means that the pharmaceutical parenteral preparation must either be a liquid which can itself be injected safely, or it may be a material that can be diluted with. There may be images in this book that feature models. Labeling pharmaceutical labeling requirements theory ppt pdf labeling.
Class ii methods awhitevincent method the class ii methods of computing tonicity involve the addition of water to the drugs to make an isotonic solution. Isotonicity normal saline united states pharmacopeia introduction to parenteral preparations jose a. Isotonicity definition of isotonicity by medical dictionary. Ideally, associate in nursing ophthalmic resolution ought to have this isotonicity value. Calculate the freezing point depression caused by the prescribed concentration of drug in solution. Isotonicity is one of the bodys most important physiological constants, which are ensured by mechanisms of selfregulation. Presentations ppt, key, pdf logging in or signing up. Isotonicity osmosis chemistry free 30day trial scribd. Isotonicity is important for parenteral preparations because the possibility that the product may penetrate red blood cells and cause hemolysis is greatly reduced if the solution is isotonic with blood i. The pressure driving this movement is called osmotic.
So the osmotic pressure of a solution will be affected not only by the drug but also by any buffer compounds that are included in the formulation. Isotonic solutions solutions with the same osmotic pressure. Therefore, it is contraindicated for intravenous administration without additives. Therefore a solution is considered to be isotonic if. It is the concentration of those solute particles, which cannot pass through, i. Isotonic solution definition of isotonic solution by. The term labeling designates all labels and other written, printed, or graphic matter upon an immediate container of an article or upon, or in, any package or wrapper in which it is. Pharmaceutical dosage forms authorstream presentation. Parenteral preparations are usually supplied in glass ampoules, bottles or vials, in plastic bottles or bags, or in prefilled syringes. Parenteral preparations 45 46 note from the secretariat. In normally functioning animal cells the intracellular content is usually isotonic with the extracellular fluid.
Labeling pharmaceutical labeling requirements theory ppt pdf. Parenteral preparations are sterile pharmaceutical products administered to the human body by injection. Class ii methods awhitevincent method the class ii methods of computing tonicity involve the addition of water to. Thus, tonicity not only depends on the properties of the solute, but it also depends on the properties of the membrane in question. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. It is commonly used when describing the response of cells immersed in an external solution. Note or determine the percent concentration of the drug in the prescribed solution. Warning furosemide is a potent diuretic which, if given in excessive amounts, can lead to a profound diuresis with water and electrolyte depletion.
Rapid diluted by tear, but most of it is isotonic to decrease irritation. Isotonic solution an overview sciencedirect topics. Lachrymal fluid is isotonic with blood having associate in nursing isotonicity value like that of a 0. Ns is a slightly isotonic solution that contains equimolar concentration of sodium and chloride.
The plasma membrane the plasma membrane cmassengale g. Isotonicity is an important requisite mainly for parenteral aqueousbased pharmaceutical preparations. Patel department of pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical biotechnology, s. Isoosmoticity and isotonicity the pharmaceutics and. Pharmaceutical calculations is an independent publication and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise appro ved by the owners of the trademarks or service marks referenced in this product. Furosemide furosemide injection, usp injection, usp 10 mgml 10 mgml rx only rx only. Isotonicity free download as powerpoint presentation. Isotonicity definition of isotonicity by the free dictionary. Isotonic sodium chloride is a familiar pharmaceutical example of such a preparation. First, take the atomic mass for each element as given in the periodic table, multiply it by the number of atoms of that element in the compound, and sum the results for all elements in the compound to find its molar mass the number of grams in one mole. Isotonic solutions are required for administration into the blood and other body fluids. Colligative properties by definition a colligative property is a solution property a property of mixtures for which it is the amount of solute dissolved in the solvent matters but the kind of solute does not matter.
More thermal energy ie a raise in the temperature is needed to achieve the albany college of pharmacy and health sciences. Isotonic solutions article about isotonic solutions by. Lynn redahan, donal reddan, in evidencebased practice of critical care, 2010. The addition of any compound to a solution will affect the isotonicity since isotonicity is a property of the number of particles in solution. Sterile water for injection, usp is a hemolytic agent due to its hypotonicity. Calculations used when compounding medications pharmacists and pharmacy technicians all compound medications in one way or another, at least at some point in their careers, and you will try your hand at it soon, if you have not already. If a semipermeable membrane one that is permeable only to solvent molecules is used to separate solutions of different solute concentrations, a phenomenon known as osmosis occurs in which solvent molecules cross the membrane from lower to higher concentration to establish a concentration equilibrium. Isotonicity article about isotonicity by the free dictionary. Read from appendix d the freezing point depression caused by a 1% concentration of the drug in solution. Having the same concentration of solutes as the blood. When you save presentation as a pdf file it freezes the formatting and layout.
Terms in this set 8 isotonicitymaintaining and possessing a uniform tension or tone. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that todays audiences expect. Therefore, careful medical supervision is required and dose and dose schedule must be. Tonicity is the osmolality of a solution with reference to a semipermeable membrane. Parenteral preparations should be isotonic with blood plasma depending on. When isotonicity is adjusted the erythrocytes shrink, thus encapsulating the drug with in them. Isotonic separation, developed by chandrasekaran et al.
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